Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war
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Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war

Contents

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the Houthi movement in Yemen, aligned with Hamas, launched attacks targeting Israel. They employed missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), some of which were intercepted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) over the Red Sea using the Arrow missile defense system; others fell short of their targets or were intercepted by the United States Navy and the Israeli Air Force. Additionally, Houthi forces have launched rocket and missile attacks on commercial vessels of various nations in the Red Sea off the coast of Yemen, in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, a chokepoint of the global economy.

Background

The Houthi movement is a Shiite militant organization which controls northern Yemen and is supported and funded by Iran;[4] it reportedly serves as Iran’s proxy in regional wars.[5] In August 2018, a United Nations document had revealed that North Korea had also funded and supported the Houthis via Syria after a meeting between a Houthi member and a North Korean government official.[6][7][8] The movement’s slogan is “Death to America, Death to Israel, Curse the Jews, Victory to Islam.”[9]

After the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, militant groups across the Middle East, including the Houthis, expressed support for the Palestinians and threatened to attack Israel. Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi warned the United States against intervening, threatening retaliation with drones and missiles.[10]

Types of weapons used by the Houthis

Houthi weapons come mainly from Iran.[5] They are known to use surface-to-surface missiles, artillery rockets and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).[11] They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen:

  • Toufan – a surface-to-surface missile, with a range of 1,800 km (1,100 mi).[12]
  • Cruise missiles – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi).[12]
  • Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of 1,350 km (840 mi) but made to strike Israel.[13]
  • 3-Samad and 4-Samad – attack UAVs with ranges of 1,800 km (1,100 mi)+.[13]
  • Wa’id drones – similar to Iran’s Shahed 136, attack UAV with a range of 2,500 km (1,600 mi).[13]

Events

Further information: Taba and Nuweiba drone attacks

October 2023

On 19 October 2023, U.S. officials said the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down three land-attack cruise missiles and several drones heading toward Israel launched by the Houthis in Yemen. This was the first action by the U.S. military to defend Israel since the outbreak of the war.[10] It was later reported that the ship shot down four cruise missiles and 15 drones.[14] Another missile was reportedly intercepted by Saudi Arabia.[15]

On 27 October 2023, two drones were fired in a northerly direction from the southern Red Sea. According to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) officials, their target was Israel, but they did not cross the border from Egypt. Of the two drones, one fell short and hit a building adjacent to a hospital in Taba, Egypt, injuring six; the other was shot down near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt.[16][17][18] A Houthi official later made a one-word post on Twitter after the drone crashed in Taba, mentioning the nearby Israeli town of Eilat.[19]

On 31 October, an alert was triggered in Eilat, Eilot and the Shahorit industrial park area regarding the penetration of hostile aircraft from the Red Sea. The aircraft was successfully intercepted over the Red Sea. The Arrow system intercepted a ballistic missile and the Air Force intercepted several cruise missiles fired from the Red Sea towards Eilat. The Houthis took responsibility for the launches.[20] One cruise missile was shot down by an F-35i Adir jet.[21] The downing of the missile by the Arrow marks the first time it has been used in the Israel–Hamas war.[22] According to Israeli officials, the interception occurred above Earth’s atmosphere above the Negev Desert, making it the first instance of space warfare in history.[23]

November 2023

On 1 November at 0:45, the IDF intercepted an air threat fired from Yemen and identified south of Eilat.[24] A U.S. MQ-9 Reaper drone was shot down off the coast of Yemen by Houthi air defences on 8 November; the Pentagon previously said that MQ-9 drones were flying over Gaza in an intelligence gathering role to aid in the hostage recovery efforts.[25] On 9 November, the Houthis fired a missile towards the city of Eilat.[26] The missile was intercepted by an “Arrow 3” missile, marking the first time it was used in an interception.[27]

On 14 November, the Houthis fired numerous missiles, one of which was aimed towards the city of Eilat. The missile was intercepted by an Arrow missile according to Israeli officials.[28] The following day, US officials said that USS Thomas Hudner shot down a drone, fired from Yemen, that was headed towards it.[29] On 22 November, the Houthis fired a cruise missile aimed towards the city of Eilat. Israeli officials said the missile was successfully shot down by an F-35.[30] On 23 November 2023, US officials said that the destroyer USS Thomas Hudner had shot down several attack drones launched from Yemen.[31]

On 29 November 2023, U.S. officials said the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down a Houthi KAS-04 drone as the destroyer approached the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.[32] On 30 November 2023, Saudi media reported that an Israeli airstrike caused an explosion at a Houthi arms depot in Sana’a, the capital of Yemen. Houthi officials denied the report, stating that a gas station was hit instead. A member of the Houthis’ political bureau, Hezam al-Asad, said that the explosion was caused by the remnants of a bomb left over from the Yemeni civil war.[33]

December 2023

On 6 December 2023, the Houthi movement launched several ballistic missiles at Israeli military posts in Eilat. On the same day, USS Mason shot down a drone launched from Yemen. There were no clear indications on what its target was.[34]

On 10 December 2023, the French Navy’s frigate Languedoc, operating in the Red Sea, intercepted two drones launched from Hodeida, a Houthi-held port.[35] The US Navy reportedly shot down 14 drones on 16 December 2023,[36] while Egyptian Air Defense Forces intercepted an object flying near Dahab.[37]

On 23 December 2023, an Israeli-affiliated, Liberian-flagged chemical products tanker was targeted by a UAV in the Arabian Sea, 200 km (120 miles) southwest of the coast of Veraval, India. The attack caused a fire on board, but there were no injuries reported. The tanker, which was carrying crude oil, had a crew of 20 Indians, and came from a port in Saudi Arabia. The Indian Navy responded to the incident, and sent ICGS Vikram to the tanker.[38][39]

Attacks on shipping in the Red Sea

Houthi attacks on shipping in the Red Sea
ShipFlagDateAttack TypeDetails
Galaxy Leader Bahamas19 November 2023HijackingBoarded by a Houthi Mi-17 and moved to the port of Hodeidah.
CMA CGM Symi Malta24 November 2023Drone strikeStruck and damaged by an Iranian Shahed 136, continued sailing as planned.
Unity Explorer Bahamas3 December 2023Anti-ship missile strikeAttacked twice; first unsuccessfully with an anti-ship ballistic missile and then successfully with an anti-ship missile. Minor damage reported by the crew.
Number 9 Panama3 December 2023Anti-ship missile strikeStruck by an anti-ship missile; crew reported damage but no casualties.
Sophie II Panama3 December 2023Anti-ship missile strikeStruck by an anti-ship missile; crew reported little to no damage.
Strinda Norway12 December 2023

Anti-ship missile strike

Drone attack

Struck by an anti-ship missile; crew reported damage and onboard fires. Later, a drone assessed to be heading for the Strinda was shot down by the French Navy frigate Languedoc.
Ardmore Encounter Marshall Islands13 December 2023

Hijacking

Anti-ship missile attack Drone attack

An initial hijacking attempt was interdicted by the USS Mason. This was followed by the launch of two anti-ship missiles, both of which missed. Finally, a one-way attack drone was shot down by the Mason before it could reach the vessel.
Maersk Gibraltar Hong Kong14 December 2023Anti-ship missile attackAn anti-ship missile was fired at the Gibraltar, but missed.
Al Jasrah Liberia15 December 2023Drone strikeStruck by a one-way attack drone; crew reported a fire which was extinguished.
MSC Palatium III Liberia15 December 2023Ballistic missile strikeStruck by a ballistic missile fired from Houthi territory; crew reported fires and damage.
Swan Atlantic Cayman Islands18 December 2023

Ballistic missile strike

Drone strike

Struck by a ballistic missile and a one-way attack drone; crew reported damage.
MSC Clara Panama18 December 2023Ballistic missile attackAn explosion in the water near the ship was reported with no ship damage or crew casualties. A Houthi spokesperson claimed responsibility for the attack.

On 19 November, the car transporter Galaxy Leader was hijacked by the Houthis, with 25 individuals on board.[40] The empty car transporter on route to India was boarded using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[51] The incident followed a statement by Houthi spokesman Yahya Sarea on the group’s Telegram channel, declaring their intention to target ships owned, operated by Israeli companies, or carrying the Israeli flag.[52] According to the ship’s owner, the vessel was then moved to the Yemeni port of Hodeidah.[53]

Sarea also urged countries to remove their citizens from crews of such ships. Earlier, Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi had threatened further attacks against Israeli interests, including potential targets in the Red Sea and the Bab al-Mandeb Strait. His speech emphasized the group’s capability to monitor and target Israeli ships in these regions.[54]

On 24 November 2023, Iran allegedly attacked the CMA CGM Symi, a Malta-flagged container ship in the Indian Ocean.[55] A drone was shot down over the Red Sea by an IDF fighter jet.[56]

On 26 November 2023, the Liberian-flagged MV Central Park, an oil tanker managed by Zodiac Maritime, was seized off the coast of Yemen in the Gulf of Aden. It carried a full cargo of phosphoric acid with 22 crew members consisting of Russian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Indian, Georgian and Filipino nationals.[57] The destroyer USS Mason, along with a partner nation in the multilateral anti-piracy operation CTF 151, conducted a visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) operation that facilitated the release of the Central Park and captured the hijackers on the ship following their attempted escape. The U.S. military reported that in the early morning hours of the following day, two ballistic missiles were fired in the direction of the Mason and the Central Park from Houthi territory in Yemen and ended up in the Gulf of Aden. The ship was not unharmed.[58][59] The five hijackers, all suspected Somali pirates, were detained by the U.S. Navy.[59][60]

On 3 December 2023, the United States Navy Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Carney reportedly shot down three attack drones launched from Yemen that were approaching the ship. After shooting down the drones, the ship responded to a distress call by three commercial ships in the area (the Unity Explorer, Number 9 and Sophie II) which were under attack by ballistic missiles launched from Yemen.[44]

The Houthis claimed responsibility for two of the attacks. Houthi military spokesman Brigadier General Yahya Saree stated that one merchant vessel was hit by a missile and another by a drone while in the Bab el-Mandeb strait, without mentioning a warship.[44] A Pentagon source said that the attacks on Carney caused no injuries or damage.[61]

On 12 December 2023, the Houthis launched an anti-ship cruise missile attack against the Norwegian commercial ship Strinda, an oil and chemical tanker operated by the J. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi company, while it was close to the Bab-el-Mandeb. The Strinda was on its way from Malaysia to Italy (via the Suez Canal). The attack caused a fire aboard the ship; no crew members were injured.[62][63] The ship was carrying cargo of palm oil. The French Armed Forces Ministry and U.S. Department of Defense reported that the Languedoc shot down a drone targeted at the Strinda, and the USS Mason also rendered aid. The Houthi attack on the Strinda was an expansion of its series of attacks against maritime shipping in the strait; the Houthis began to attack commercial vessels without any discernible tie to Israel.[63]

On 13 December 2023, Houthi rebels attempted to board the Ardmore Encounter, a Marshall Islands-flagged commercial tanker coming from Mangalore, India and en route to either Rotterdam, Netherlands or Gavle, Sweden, but failed, prompting a distress call from the ship. They then targeted the tanker with missiles, which missed. The USS Mason responded to the tanker’s distress call and shot down a UAV launched from a Houthi-controlled area. The Ardmore Encounter was able to continue its voyage without further incident.[64]

On 14 December 2023, a Houthi-launched missile was fired at the Maersk Gibraltar, though it missed its target.[65] On 15 December 2023, Houthi spokesperson Yahya Sarea claimed responsibility for attacks on two Liberian-flagged vessels identified as MSC Alanya and MSC Palatium III. The Houthis fired naval missiles at the ships as they alleged they were traveling to Israel.[66]

On 15 December, it was reported that the Liberian-flagged Al-Jasrah, which is owned by Hapag Lloyd, caught fire after being hit by a Houthi-launched projectile while sailing through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.[67] On 16 December 2023, Royal Navy destroyer HMS Diamond shot down a drone over the Red Sea while it was targeting a commercial ship.[3]

On 18 December 2023, Houthis claimed to have launched attacks targeting two cargo vessels in the Red Sea near Mocha port, the MSC Clara and the Norwegian-owned Swan Atlantic. The Swan Atlantic‘s owner, Inventor Chemical Tankers, said its water tank was damaged in the attack and denied it has any Israeli ties.[49]

Iranian involvement

According to Western intelligence officials the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corp have placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers. [68] According to the Institute for the Study War this is likely the Behshad which had replaced the Saviz which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021.[69]

Impact

Houthi attacks have impacted shipping into Israel and local trade, with commercial shipping to the port of Eilat having almost completely ceased. Instead, commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey around three weeks longer while increasing expenses.[70] By 21 December, over 100 container ships have been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance.[71]

Another impact of Houthi involvement was that insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance.[72]

While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza.[73][74]

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,[75] Maersk,[76] CMA CGM,[77] COSCO,[78] Hapag-Lloyd,[79] and Evergreen Marine Corporation.[80] On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.[80]

On 21 December, the chief executive of Eilat Port said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[81]

Responses

Main article: Operation Prosperity Guardian

In a speech at a manufacturing exposition following the incident of 27 October, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi urged all parties in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war to respect Egypt’s sovereignty, and emphasized that the Egyptian Army was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks.[82]

In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi said that if threats continue, “we will act to remove this blockade.”[63]

While the U.S. Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, the U.S. declined thus far to respond with military retaliation.[83][84] However, in early December 2023 the U.S. said that it was in talks with allies on the creation of a naval task force to provide protective escorts to commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and Gulf of Aden region, similar to the naval escorts of vessels in the Arabian Gulf and through the Strait of Hormuz during the “Tanker War” of the 1980s.[84] The proposed name of the escort operation was “Prosperity Guardian”.[85]

The Southern Transitional Council reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis.[86]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

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