יצוא

יצוא (Export) הוא שם כולל של הסחורות והשירותים המועברים בדרכי סחר ממדינה מסוימת למדינות אחרות. “יצוא” היא גם פעולת העברת הסחורות והשירותים למדינות אחרות.

היצוא קיים משחר ההיסטוריה לשם העברת סחורות ממקום ייצורן למקום בו הן מבוקשות ומסלולים קבועים, ששימשו להעברת הסחורות מסוימות, כונו דרכי סחר, למשל: דרך המשי ודרך הענבר. עם התפתחות המדינות התפתחה גם מערכת מיסוי המסדירה את יצוא הסחורות. בתקופה המודרנית יצוא מצריך חוזים מסוגים שונים, חוזה מכר, חוזה ביטוח, חוזה הובלה וחוזה התשלום.

אפשר לפלח את היצוא לפי הסחורות והשירותים השונים ואפשר לפלח אותו לפי אמצעי ההובלה המשמשים לביצועו או לפי יעדיו.

ענפי יצוא בולטים הם:

יצוא תעשייתי.
יצוא חקלאי.
יצוא ביטחוני.
יצוא תוכנות ונכסים רוחניים.
יצוא שירותים.
יצוא כוח אדם.
יצוא חומרי גלם.

היצוא בעל השפעה רבה על מאזני התשלומים של המדינות המייצאות והמדינות המייבאות ועל יתרות מטבע החוץ שלהן. ליצוא השפעה מתאימה גם על שוק העבודה. בגלל סיבות אלה המדינות המודרניות מסדירות בחוקים ובתקנות את התחום מתוך דאגה לאינטרסים שלהם וכדי למנוע היצף.

היצוא והיבוא מושפעים מגורמים רבים ובהם יכולת הייצור, הסכמי סחר עם מדינות אחרות, חומות מכס, אמצעי תעבורה זמינים ועוד. בעבר מדינות תעשייתיות בנו לעצמן אימפריות כאמצעי להבטיח שוק יצוא לסחורות שלהן. בהווה מדינות רבות מאוחדות במסגרות בינלאומיות, לדוגמה השוק האירופי המשותף, המגוננות על החברות ובונות את חומות המכס כלפי מדינות שמחוץ למסגרת.

0506672102

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